NMR LOGGING PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS - GEORGE R. COATES

CONTENIDO DEL LIBRO:

• Chapter 1 Summary of NMR Logging Applications and Benefits 1
• Medical MRI 1
• MRI Logging 2
• Comparison of the MRIL Tool to Other Logging Tools 2
• Fluid Quantity 3
• Fluid Properties 4
• Pore Size and Porosity 4
• NMR-Logging Raw Data 6
• NMR Porosity 7
• NMR T2 Distribution 7
• NMR Free-Fluid Index and Bulk Volume Irreducible 8
• NMR Permeability 9
• NMR Properties of Reservoir Fluids 11
• NMR Hydrocarbon Typing 11
• NMR Enhanced Water Saturation with Resistivity Data 16
• MRIL Application Examples 16
• MRIL Porosity and Permeability 16
• Low-Resistivity Reservoir Evaluation 22
• MRIL Acquisition Data Sets 25
• MRIL Response in Rugose Holes 26
• NMR Logging Applications Summary 26
• References 28
• Chapter 2 NMR Physics 33
• Nuclear Magnetism 33
• Polarization 34
• Pulse Tipping and Free Induction Decay 37
• Spin-Echo Detection 39
• NMR-Measurement Timing 42
• References 43
• Chapter 3 Fundamentals of NMR Petrophysics 45
• NMR Relaxation Mechanisms of Fluids in Rock Pores 45
• Bulk Relaxation 47
• Surface Relaxation 48
• Diffusion-Induced Relaxation 48
• Multi-Exponential Decay 51
• Echo-Fit for T2 Distribution 53
• Pore Size Distribution 54
• Determination of BVI 57
• Cutoff BVI 57
• Spectral BVI 60
• MRIL Permeability Model 64
• The Free Fluid Model 64
• The Mean T2 Model 65
• MRIL Porosity Model 65
• References 67
• Chapter 4 Fundamentals of NMR Hydrocarbon Typing 77
• NMR Properties of Hydrocarbons 77
• NMR Hydrocarbon Typing 80
• T2 Distribution of a Partially Saturated Rock 80
• T1 Relaxation Contrast 80
• Diffusivity Contrast 82
• Numerical Simulations 83
• Oil Effects on T2 Distributions 84
• Water and Light Oil 84
• Water and Viscous Oil 85
• Effects of Viscosity and Wettability on the Oil Signal in a T2 Distribution 85
• Gas Effects on T2 Distribution Under Different Conditions 87
• Water and Gas 88
• Water, Light Oil, and Gas 89
• References 89
• Chapter 5 MRIL Tool Principles 91
• Polarization 91
• Magnetization Tipping and Spin-Echo Detection 91
• Logging Speed and Vertical Resolution 94
• Depth of Investigation 96
• Multi-Frequency Measurement and RF Pulse Bandwidth 98
• Ringing Effect 102
• Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Running Average 104
• Activations 104
• Tool Configuration 108
• References 108
• Chapter 6 Answer Products Derived from MRIL Stand-Alone Analysis 113
• Time Domain Analysis 113
• Concept 113
• Principle 113
• Differential Spectrum Method 113
• Time Domain Analysis 114
• Data Acquisition 114
• Applications 116
• Example 1 116
• Example 2 116
• Example 3 116
• Diffusion Analysis 122
• Concept 122
• Data Acquisition 123
• Shifted Spectrum Method 124
• Quantitative Diffusion Analysis: DIFAN 124
• Enhanced Diffusion Method 127
• Appendix: TDA Mathematical Model 129
• References 133
• Chapter 7 Answer Products Derived from
• MRIL Combinations with Other Logs 135
• MRIAN Concept 135
• MRIAN Principles 135
• Dual-Water Model 135
• Determining Swb for the Dual-Water Model 137
• Quality Control on the Calculated Swb 137
• Determination of the W Exponent in MRIAN 138
• Calculation of SwT in MRIAN 139
• Parameters Affecting MRIAN Calculations 139
• MRIL Data Acquisition for MRIAN 139
• MRIAN Applications 142
• Low-Resistivity Reservoir 1 142
• Low-Resistivity Reservoir 2 142
• Gas-Influx Monitoring with MRIL in an Arabian Gulf Carbonate 146
• Evaluation of a Shaly, Tuff Sandstone Formation Containing
• Medium-Viscosity Oils 147
• MRIAN in a Light-Hydrocarbon Well 150
• Well Completion with MRIL: StiMRIL 150
• References 154
• Chapter 8 MRIL Job Planning 159
• Determining NMR Properties of Reservoir Fluids 160
• Example 1: OBM, Gas 161
• Well Description 161
• Example 1, Step 1: Determine NMR Fluid Properties 161
• Assessing the Expected Decay Spectrum of Reservoir Fluids in a Formation 162
• Example 1, Step 2a: Assess Expected NMR Response (T2 Distribution) 163
• Assessing the Expected NMR Apparent Porosity of a Formation 164
• Example 1, Step 2b: Assess Expected NMR Response (Apparent Porosity) 165
• Selection of the Activation Set 166
• Standard T2 Activation 166
• Dual-TW Activation 167
• Dual-TE Activation 167
• Determination of the Activation Set and Acquisition Parameters 167
• Standard T2 Activations 168
• Example 1, Step 3: Determine Appropriate Activation Parameters (TW, TE, NE)
• for a Standard T2 Activation 168
• Dual-TW Activations 169
• Example 1, Step 3: Determine Appropriate Activation Parameters (TWL, TWS, TE, NE)
• for a Dual-TW Activation 170
• Example 2: OBM Dual TW 172
• Dual-TE Activations 174
• Example 3: WBM, Viscous Oil, Dual TE 174
• Well Description 174
• Step 1: Determine NMR Fluid Properties 175
• Step 2: Assess Expected NMR Response 175
• Step 3: Determine Appropriate Activation Parameters (TEL, TES, TW, and NE)
• for a Dual-TE Activation 175
• Dual-TW/Dual-TE (Virgin Area Logging) 177
• Step 1: Determine NMR Fluid Properties 177
• Step 2: Assess Expected NMR Response 177
• Step 3: Determine Appropriate Activation Parameters
• (TWL, TWS, TEL, TES, NEL, and NE) 177
• Example 4: OBM, Gas, Dual TW, TE 178
• Well Description 178
• Step 1: Determine NMR Fluid Properties 178
• Step 2: Assess Expected NMR Response 179
• Step 3: Determine Appropriate Activation Parameters (TWi, TEi, NEi) 180
• Other Considerations for MRIL Job Planning 181
• Formation Type (Sandstone, Carbonate, Chalk, Diatomite) 181
• Wettability 181
• Mud Type (Oil-Based, Water-Based) 182
• Trade Off Logging Speed ⇔ Accuracy (S/N, Sampling Rate) ⇔ Type
• and Detail of Information 183
• References 184
• Chapter9 MRIL Log Quality Control 185
• Concepts and Definitions 185
• Gain and Q Level 185
• B1 and B1mod 186
• Chi 186
• Noise Indicators: OFFSET, NOISE, RINGING, and IENoise 186
• Low-Voltage Sensors 187
• High-Voltage Sensors 187
• Phase Correction Information: PHER, PHNO, and PHCO 188
• Temperature 189
• Pre-Logging Calibration and Verification 193
• Calibration Procedure 194
• Frequency Sweep 194
• Master Calibration 194
• Tank Statistical Check 196
• Electronics Verification 197
• Quality Control During Logging 199
• Operating Frequency 199
• Logging Speed and Running Average 199
• B1 Adjustment for Downhole Conditions 201
• Quality Monitoring During Data Acquisition 201
• Log-Quality Display 202
• Post-Logging Quality Check 206
• MPHI Relation to MSIG on Total-Porosity Logs 206
• MPHI TWS Relation to MPHI TWL on Dual-TW Logs 206
• MPHI TES Relation to MPHI TEL on Dual-TE Logs 206
• Agreement between MPHI and Neutron-Density Crossplot Porosity 207
• Effects of Hydrogen Index and Polarization Time on MPHI 207
• Reference 207
• Glossary 209
• Index 227

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