Oro Negro: Registros.

CONTENIDO DEL LIBRO:

Chapter 1 Summary of NMR Logging Applications and Benefits 1
Medical MRI 1
MRI Logging 2
Comparison of the MRIL Tool to Other Logging Tools 2
Fluid Quantity 3
Fluid Properties 4
Pore Size and Porosity 4
NMR-Logging Raw Data 6
NMR Porosity 7
NMR T2 Distribution 7
NMR Free-Fluid Index and Bulk Volume Irreducible 8
NMR Permeability 9
NMR Properties of Reservoir Fluids 11
NMR Hydrocarbon Typing 11
NMR Enhanced Water Saturation with Resistivity Data 16
MRIL Application Examples 16
MRIL Porosity and Permeability 16
Low-Resistivity Reservoir Evaluation 22
MRIL Acquisition Data Sets 25
MRIL Response in Rugose Holes 26
NMR Logging Applications Summary 26
References 28
Chapter 2 NMR Physics 33
Nuclear Magnetism 33
Polarization 34
Pulse Tipping and Free Induction Decay 37
Spin-Echo Detection 39
NMR-Measurement Timing 42
References 43
Chapter 3 Fundamentals of NMR Petrophysics 45
NMR Relaxation Mechanisms of Fluids in Rock Pores 45
Bulk Relaxation 47
Surface Relaxation 48
Diffusion-Induced Relaxation 48
Multi-Exponential Decay 51
Echo-Fit for T2 Distribution 53
Pore Size Distribution 54
Determination of BVI 57
Cutoff BVI 57
Spectral BVI 60
MRIL Permeability Model 64
The Free Fluid Model 64
The Mean T2 Model 65
MRIL Porosity Model 65
References 67
Chapter 4 Fundamentals of NMR Hydrocarbon Typing 77
NMR Properties of Hydrocarbons 77
NMR Hydrocarbon Typing 80
T2 Distribution of a Partially Saturated Rock 80
T1 Relaxation Contrast 80
Diffusivity Contrast 82
Numerical Simulations 83
Oil Effects on T2 Distributions 84
Water and Light Oil 84
Water and Viscous Oil 85
Effects of Viscosity and Wettability on the Oil Signal in a T2 Distribution 85
Gas Effects on T2 Distribution Under Different Conditions 87
Water and Gas 88
Water, Light Oil, and Gas 89
References 89
Chapter 5 MRIL Tool Principles 91
Polarization 91
Magnetization Tipping and Spin-Echo Detection 91
Logging Speed and Vertical Resolution 94
Depth of Investigation 96
Multi-Frequency Measurement and RF Pulse Bandwidth 98
Ringing Effect 102
Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Running Average 104
Activations 104
Tool Configuration 108
References 108
Chapter 6 Answer Products Derived from MRIL Stand-Alone Analysis 113
Time Domain Analysis 113
Concept 113
Principle 113
Differential Spectrum Method 113
Time Domain Analysis 114
Data Acquisition 114
Applications 116
Example 1 116
Example 2 116
Example 3 116
Diffusion Analysis 122
Concept 122
Data Acquisition 123
Shifted Spectrum Method 124
Quantitative Diffusion Analysis: DIFAN 124
Enhanced Diffusion Method 127
Appendix: TDA Mathematical Model 129
References 133
Chapter 7 Answer Products Derived from
MRIL Combinations with Other Logs 135
MRIAN Concept 135
MRIAN Principles 135
Dual-Water Model 135
Determining Swb for the Dual-Water Model 137
Quality Control on the Calculated Swb 137
Determination of the W Exponent in MRIAN 138
Calculation of SwT in MRIAN 139
Parameters Affecting MRIAN Calculations 139
MRIL Data Acquisition for MRIAN 139
MRIAN Applications 142
Low-Resistivity Reservoir 1 142
Low-Resistivity Reservoir 2 142
Gas-Influx Monitoring with MRIL in an Arabian Gulf Carbonate 146
Evaluation of a Shaly, Tuff Sandstone Formation Containing
Medium-Viscosity Oils 147
MRIAN in a Light-Hydrocarbon Well 150
Well Completion with MRIL: StiMRIL 150
References 154
Chapter 8 MRIL Job Planning 159
Determining NMR Properties of Reservoir Fluids 160
Example 1: OBM, Gas 161
Well Description 161
Example 1, Step 1: Determine NMR Fluid Properties 161
Assessing the Expected Decay Spectrum of Reservoir Fluids in a Formation 162
Example 1, Step 2a: Assess Expected NMR Response (T2 Distribution) 163
Assessing the Expected NMR Apparent Porosity of a Formation 164
Example 1, Step 2b: Assess Expected NMR Response (Apparent Porosity) 165
Selection of the Activation Set 166
Standard T2 Activation 166
Dual-TW Activation 167
Dual-TE Activation 167
Determination of the Activation Set and Acquisition Parameters 167
Standard T2 Activations 168
Example 1, Step 3: Determine Appropriate Activation Parameters (TW, TE, NE)
for a Standard T2 Activation 168
Dual-TW Activations 169
Example 1, Step 3: Determine Appropriate Activation Parameters (TWL, TWS, TE, NE)
for a Dual-TW Activation 170
Example 2: OBM Dual TW 172
Dual-TE Activations 174
Example 3: WBM, Viscous Oil, Dual TE 174
Well Description 174
Step 1: Determine NMR Fluid Properties 175
Step 2: Assess Expected NMR Response 175
Step 3: Determine Appropriate Activation Parameters (TEL, TES, TW, and NE)
for a Dual-TE Activation 175
Dual-TW/Dual-TE (Virgin Area Logging) 177
Step 1: Determine NMR Fluid Properties 177
Step 2: Assess Expected NMR Response 177
Step 3: Determine Appropriate Activation Parameters
(TWL, TWS, TEL, TES, NEL, and NE) 177
Example 4: OBM, Gas, Dual TW, TE 178
Well Description 178
Step 1: Determine NMR Fluid Properties 178
Step 2: Assess Expected NMR Response 179
Step 3: Determine Appropriate Activation Parameters (TWi, TEi, NEi) 180
Other Considerations for MRIL Job Planning 181
Formation Type (Sandstone, Carbonate, Chalk, Diatomite) 181
Wettability 181
Mud Type (Oil-Based, Water-Based) 182
Trade Off Logging Speed ⇔ Accuracy (S/N, Sampling Rate) ⇔ Type
and Detail of Information 183
References 184
Chapter9 MRIL Log Quality Control 185
Concepts and Definitions 185
Gain and Q Level 185
B1 and B1mod 186
Chi 186
Noise Indicators: OFFSET, NOISE, RINGING, and IENoise 186
Low-Voltage Sensors 187
High-Voltage Sensors 187
Phase Correction Information: PHER, PHNO, and PHCO 188
Temperature 189
Pre-Logging Calibration and Verification 193
Calibration Procedure 194
Frequency Sweep 194
Master Calibration 194
Tank Statistical Check 196
Electronics Verification 197
Quality Control During Logging 199
Operating Frequency 199
Logging Speed and Running Average 199
B1 Adjustment for Downhole Conditions 201
Quality Monitoring During Data Acquisition 201
Log-Quality Display 202
Post-Logging Quality Check 206
MPHI Relation to MSIG on Total-Porosity Logs 206
MPHI TWS Relation to MPHI TWL on Dual-TW Logs 206
MPHI TES Relation to MPHI TEL on Dual-TE Logs 206
Agreement between MPHI and Neutron-Density Crossplot Porosity 207
Effects of Hydrogen Index and Polarization Time on MPHI 207
Reference 207
Glossary 209
Index 227